Νεολιθικό σπίτι «αποδεικνύει» επεξεργασία σιτηρών πριν από 6.000 χρόνια

Source: TA NEA

By Παρασκευή Κατημερτζή

Ένα αγροτικό σπίτι, ηλικίας 6.000 ετών, με όλο τον οικιακό εξοπλισμό του σε άριστη κατάσταση στη θέση όπου τον άφησαν οι ένοικοι λίγο προτού καταστραφεί από τη φωτιά, ήρθε στο φως στη Σωσάνδρα της Αριδαίας, κοντά στην Πέλλα της Δυτικής Μακεδονίας, προσφέροντας πολύτιμες και μοναδικές πληροφορίες για την αρχιτεκτονική και την οργάνωση ενός σπιτιού στο τέλος της νεολιθικής εποχής.

Αφορμή για την ανακάλυψη των οικοδομικών λειψάνων ήταν ένα έργο υποδομής, η διάνοιξη της αύλακας του κεντρικού αγωγού μεταφοράς νερού από τη Σωσάνδρα στην Αριδαία. Η ανασκαφή άρχισε τον Μάρτιο και σύντομα αποκαλύφθηκε ένα σχεδόν πλήρες πλέγμα από πασσαλότρυπες που έδωσαν τη μορφή, τη διαρρύθμιση και την οργάνωση της οικοδομής. Είναι ένα ορθογώνιο, πασσαλόπηκτο κτίριο, επιφάνειας 58 τ.μ., με σκελετό από πασσάλους και τοίχους από πλέγμα κλαδιών και καλαμιών που είχαν επαλειφθεί με πηλό. Έχει τριμερή διάρθρωση, με δύο φούρνους ανάμεσα στους οποίους υπάρχει χώρος συγκέντρωσης και επεξεργασίας αγροτικών προϊόντων, είσοδο προς τον Νότο και δάπεδα καλυμμένα με ψαθιά. Οι μυλόπετρες, οι τριπτήρες και οι αποθηκευτικοί λάκκοι που βρέθηκαν μαζί με το πλήθος των πήλινων αγγείων και λίθινων εργαλείων υποδηλώνουν εμμέσως την καλλιέργεια και επεξεργασία των σιτηρών στο τέλος της νεολιθικής εποχής. Το σπάνιο είναι ότι τα ευρήματα έμειναν ανέπαφα μέχρι σήμερα όπως τα άφησαν οι μακρινοί τους ένοικοι.

Μυκηναίος με ξίφος made in Italy

Source: enet.gr

Της Ν. ΚΟΝΤΡΑΡΟΥ-ΡΑΣΣΙΑ

Με ξίφος εισηγμένο από την Ιταλία πολεμούσε ο Μυκηναίος πολεμιστής της Αμφιλοχίας. Στη διαπίστωση αυτή κατέληξαν χημικοί έπειτα από αναλύσεις δειγμάτων του χάλκινου ξίφους (μήκους 0,94 μ.) που βρέθηκε πέρσι με έναν χρυσό κύληκα και όλη την αρματωσιά του νεκρού σε κιβωτιόσχημο τάφο στη θέση Κουβαρά Φυτειών (ανάμεσα στη λίμνη Αμβρακία και την Αμφιλοχία).

Η ανασκαφή έγινε με αφορμή τα έργα για την ευρεία παράκαμψη Αγρινίου, που αποτελεί τμήμα της Ιονίας οδού. Οι αναλύσεις έγιναν σε εξειδικευμένο κέντρο της Αυστρίας, που δημιουργεί ηλεκτρονική βάση δεδομένων για τα μυκηναϊκά ευρήματα. Τα πορίσματα της έρευνας παρουσίασε η προϊσταμένη της ΛΣΤ' Εφορείας Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, Μαρία Γάτση-Σταυροπούλου, στο συνέδριο που οργανώθηκε από τη Νομαρχία Αιτωλοακαρνανίας την περασμένη Παρασκευή στο Μεσολόγγι με θέμα «Η πολιτιστική κληρονομιά της Αιτωλοακαρνανίας. Προστασία και ανάδειξη μέσα από τις τελευταίες έρευνες».

Η προέλευση του ξίφους επιβεβαιώνει την επικοινωνία και τις εμπορικές ανταλλαγές που είχαν οι Μυκηναίοι με άλλες χώρες της Μεσογείου. «Τα μέχρι στιγμής στοιχεία χρονολογούν τα ευρήματα αυτού του τάφου στο τέλος του 12ου αι. π.Χ.» μας είπε η αρχαιολόγος, προσθέτοντας όμως ότι το υλικό ακόμη μελετάται και δεν αποκλείεται να διαφοροποιηθεί η χρονολόγηση.

Παράλληλα, συντηρούνται τα υπόλοιπα κτερίσματα, όπως ένα μικρότερο χάλκινο ξίφος (μήκους 0,42 μ.) με οστέινη λαβή και ένα μαχαίρι που όμως δεν σώζεται σε καλή κατάσταση. Στον ίδιο τάφο βρέθηκαν μία αιχμή βέλους και μία αιχμή δόρατος, ένας τριποδικός λέβητας που σπανίζει σε μυκηναϊκούς τάφους, αλλά σημαντικότερο θεωρείται ένα ζεύγος χάλκινων περικνημίδων που συναντάται πολύ σπάνια σε ταφές αυτής της εποχής και ιδιαίτερα στη δυτική Ελλάδα.

«Ολος ο τάφος αποτέλεσε για μας μεγάλη έκπληξη», τονίζει η έφορος. Σύντομα θα μπουν στον μικροσκόπιο της έρευνας και τα οστά του νεκρού, σε μεγάλο βαθμό αποσαθρωμένα. Δείγμα τους θα δοθεί για μελέτη στην αρχαιολόγο-ανθρωπολόγο Ιωάννα Μουτάφη. Θα περιληφθούν στο μελλοντικό σχεδιασμό παρουσίασης όλων των ευρημάτων του νομού.

Τα ευρήματα των τελευταίων χρόνων, σύμφωνα με τον νομάρχη Αιτωλοακαρνανίας Θύμιο Σώκο, που έχει αγκαλιάσει την προσπάθεια της νεοσύστατης ΛΣΤ' ΕΠΚΑ, «μας υποχρεώνουν να ξαναγράψουμε την ιστορία της Αιτωλοακαρνανίας». Και πράγματι αλλάζουν τα δεδομένα αλλά και η εικόνα των ορατών μνημείων, όπως φάνηκε στο συνέδριο.

Ο επ. έφορος Αρχαιοτήτων Λάζαρος Κολώνας ανέφερε ότι στο τέλος του έτους ολοκληρώνεται το πρόγραμμα ανάδειξης τριών μεγάλων αρχαιολογικών χώρων: των Οινιάδων, της αρχαίας πόλης της Παλαίρου και του Πλευρώνα. Πλούσια επίσης είναι τα ευρήματα από την ανασκαφική έρευνα των τελευταίων χρόνων: σε ιερό στη θέση Ελληνικό Βελβίνας, στο Σπήλαιο Παλιάμπελα της Βόνιτσας, στο Ακτιο Βόνιτσας και στα Παλιομάνινα. Τέλος, έρχεται στο φως και η βυζαντινή Ναύπακτος.

SAVE THE ATHENS NEWS!

For those of you who are familiar with this newspaper...Please, do support their cause.

Dear Friends and Colleagues,

After nearly 57 years in circulation, the Athens News is under threat of closure. On September 25 it was announced to us by the Lambrakis Press, which has managed this newspaper since it entered the Lambrakis Foundation in 1993, that it will wind up the operation, possibly as early as Friday 3 October.

We are currently engaged in an effort to extend that deadline in order to find new investors to take over the title, archive and books. But it is impossible for any serious investor to carry out due diligence and responsibly and formally register their interest to our current owners within a week. We need an extension of at least a month, in which to make contact with the various potential investors currently reviewing our balance sheet and business plan.

We feel that a move to pull out the rug from under an independent newspaper which has served the thinking public since 1952 should not stand. We are therefore appealing to you, the community we exist to serve, to write an open letter to our publisher, Christos Lambrakis, under copy to us, appealing for an extension and presenting the case, as you see it, for our continued existence under a new owner.

Please send your letters to this email address for publication and forwarding.

Thank you.

John Psaropoulos

Editor

LINKS

http://saveathensnews.wordpress.com/

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http://www.petitiononline.com/mod_perl/signed.cgi?AN001&1 (online petition)

Greece unearths treasures at Alexander's birthplace

Source: Reuters

ATHENS (Reuters) - Archaeologists have unearthed gold jewellery, weapons and pottery at an ancient burial site near Pella in northern Greece, the birthplace of Alexander the Great, the culture ministry said on Thursday.

The excavations at the vast cemetery uncovered 43 graves dating from 650-279 BC which shed light on the early development of the Macedonian kingdom, which had an empire that stretched as far as India under Alexander's conquests.

Among the most interesting discoveries were the graves of 20 warriors dating to the late Archaic period, between 580 and 460 BC, the ministry said in a statement.

Some were buried in bronze helmets alongside iron swords and knives. Their eyes, mouths and chests were covered in gold foil richly decorated with drawings of lions and other animals symbolizing royal power.

"The discovery is rich in historical importance, shedding light on Macedonian culture during the Archaic period," Pavlos Chrysostomou, who headed the eight-year project that investigated a total of 900 graves, told Reuters.

Pavlas said the graves confirmed evidence of an ancient Macedonian society organized along militaristic lines and with overseas trade as early as the second half of the seventh century BC.

Among the excavated graves, the team also found 11 women from the Archaic period, with gold and bronze necklaces, earrings and broaches.

Nine of the graves dated to the late classical or early Hellenistic period, around the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC.

Alexander, whose father Philip II unified the city states of mainland Greece, conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks before dying at the age of 32 in Babylon. Educated by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, Alexander was never defeated in battle.

(Reporting by Daniel Flynn and Renee Maltezou; editing by Elizabeth Piper)

Επιστρέφουν στην Ελλάδα 22 αρχαία αντικείμενα που εξήχθησαν παράνομα στην Ουγγαρία

Source: in.gr

Συνολικά 22 αρχαία ελληνικά αντικείμενα που εξήχθησαν παράνομα από τη χώρα μας και που μέχρι σήμερα φιλοξενούνταν στο Μουσείο Καλών Τεχνών της Βουδαπέστης βρίσκουν το δρόμο της επιστροφής στην Ελλάδα, με την ουγγρική κυβέρνηση να αναλαμβάνει όλες τις απαραίτητες διαπραγματεύσεις.

Η υπουργός Εξωτερικών, Ντόρα Μπακογιάννη σε συνάντηση που είχε με την Ουγγαρέζα ομόλογό της, Κίνγκα Γκεντζ, μίλησε για την επιστροφή των 22 αρχαίων ελληνικών αντικειμένων από το Μουσείο της Βουδαπέστης, τονίζοντας πως αναπτύσσονται διμερείς σχέσεις μεταξύ των χωρών σε τουριστικό, εμπορικό και πολιτιστικό τομέα.

Τα κομμάτια αυτά, όπως εξήγησε η κ. Γκέντζ, αγοράστηκαν από το Μουσείο πριν μερικά χρόνια, αλλά στην πορεία αποκαλύφθηκε ότι αποτελούν προϊόν παράνομης διακίνησης και σύμφωνα με τη συνθήκη της Ουνέσκο «οφείλουμε», όπως είπε, «να τα επιστρέψουμε στην Ελλάδα».

Ο υπουργός Πολιτισμού, Μιχάλης Λιάπης, κατά τη διάρκεια των εγκαινίων της έκθεσης φωτογραφίας «Έλληνες στην Ουγγαρία» στην Τεχνόπολη στο Γκάζι, αναφέρθηκε στη συνεργασία Ελλήνων και Ούγγρων, η οποία, όπως δήλωσε, επεκτείνεται περαιτέρω «αφού η κυβέρνηση της Ουγγαρίας προσέρχεται ως συμπαραστάτης μας στον αγώνα για την πάταξη της αρχαιοκαπηλίας και την επιστροφή των αρχαιοτήτων εξετάζοντας το ενδεχόμενο να μας επιστρέψει 22 αρχαία αντικείμενα που σήμερα εκτίθενται στο Μουσείο Καλών Τεχνών της Βουδαπέστης και που εξήχθησαν παράνομα από τη χώρα μας».

Χείρα βοηθείας από το Πρίνστον στο αίνιγμα των τοιχογραφιών της Θήρας

Source: TA NEA

Τις εικόνες που σχηματίζουν χιλιάδες θρυμματισμένα κομμάτια τοιχογραφιών από το Ακρωτήρι της Θήρας αναζητούν εδώ και δεκαετίες οι αρχαιολόγοι με μοναδικά τους όπλα την παρατηρητικότητα και την υπομονή. Ένας νέος σύμμαχος έρχεται να προστεθεί στο επίπονο έργο τους, που αποτελείται από σκάνερ και ηλεκτρονικούς υπολογιστές- πρόγραμμα που αναπτύσσεται από το Πανεπιστήμιο του Πρίνστον σε συνεργασία με τους Έλληνες αρχαιολόγους, Χρίστο Ντούμα και Ανδρέα Βλαχόπουλο.

«Η νέα τεχνολογία παρέχει τη δυνατότητα να αλλάξει ο τρόπος της αρχαιολογικής έρευνας», λέει στο «Science Daily» ο καθηγητής Πληροφορικής στο Πρίνστον, Ντέιβιντ Ντόμπκιν. «Η νέα προσέγγιση πραγματικά κάνει τον υπολογιστή ερευνητικό συνεργάτη των αρχαιολόγων», προσθέτει ο καθηγητής που δουλεύει στο πρόγραμμα εδώ και δύο χρόνια και πρόσφατα παρουσιάστηκε, πρώτη φορά, σε συνέδριο.

Η αρχή έγινε πειραματικά από την τοιχογραφία με τις «Πολύχρωμες Σπείρες», ειδικότερα με τα μονόχρωμα τμήματα της τοιχογραφίας που είναι δυσκολότερο να τοποθετηθούν στην αρχική θέση τους.

Τα πρώτα αποτελέσματα κρίνονται ενθαρρυντικά, ενώ κατά τη διάρκεια του Σεπτεμβρίου το σύστημα πρόκειται να εγκατασταθεί μονίμως στο Ακρωτήρι.

Αρχικά τα θραύσματα τοποθετούνται σε έναν σαρωτή και σαρώνονται από διάφορες γωνίες. Στη συνέχεια οι επιφάνειές τους σαρώνονται με λέιζερ, ενώ βρίσκονται πάνω σε μια περιστρεφόμενη πλατφόρμα. Το λογισμικό του συστήματος αναλαμβάνει να συνδυάσει τα δεδομένα του σαρωτή και του λέιζερ και να δημιουργήσει ένα τρισδιάστατο μοντέλο του θραύσματος.

Το νέο σύστημα είναι φθηνότερο, πιο εύχρηστο και σχεδιασμένο εξαρχής να χρησιμοποιείται από τους ίδιους τους αρχαιολόγους και τους συντηρητές. Χρησιμοποιεί έναν συνδυασμό ισχυρών αλγόριθμων και μιας μεθόδου επεξεργασίας ανάλογης με την παραδοσιακή των αρχαιολόγων.

«Όταν το έργο ολοκληρωθεί, ο χρόνος ανακατασκευής ενός τοίχου θα μειωθεί από χρόνια σε μήνες. Θα απελευθερώσει τους αρχαιολόγους για άλλες πολύτιμες εργασίες», επισημαίνει ο καθηγητής Πληροφορικής στο Πρίνστον, Σίμον Ρουσίνκιεβιτς. «Δεν βρήκαμε τη λύση, αλλά ένα εργαλείο για να βρούμε τη λύση», προσθέτουν οι Έλληνες αρχαιολόγοι.

Reclaimed antiquities exhibited

Source: iol

Athens - Two ancient artifacts illegally removed from Greece decades ago went on display in Athens on Wednesday after a US-based collector was persuaded to repatriate them, the Greek culture ministry said.

The upper part of a marble funerary stele and a bronze krater, or large cup, dated to the 5th and 4th century BCE, were returned by collector Shelby White in August under a deal in which Greece pledged not to legally pursue the matter, it said.

"The culture ministry recognises that the antiquities were acquired by Ms White in good faith, and for this reason...no demands will be raised against (her)," a ministry statement said.

But Greece reserves its legal rights over other potential claims regarding items in White's collection, it added.

White and her late husband, New York financier and philanthropist Leon Levy, accumulated one of the finest US collections of Roman and Greek antiquities.

The funerary stele depicting a youth and a warrior was found in the early 1960s in Porto Rafti, a coastal resort east of Athens.

Three decades later, a Greek archaeologist identified its missing upper fragment in the White-Levy collection from a New York Metropolitan Museum exhibit catalogue. The Greek state filed a claim for the item last year.

The two fragments will now be reunited at the local Museum of Vravrona for the first time in decades, the ministry said.

The bronze krater, a vessel in which the ancient Greeks mixed wine and water, was likely looted from a royal tomb in the northern region of Pieria, Greek archaeologists believe.

Both items will be temporarily displayed at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.

A country rich in antiquities targeted by looters for nearly 200 years, Greece has lately stepped up efforts to reclaim items illegally exported abroad, many of which are in private collections or major museums.

"The pillage of antiquities has been particularly traumatic for small countries with rich history such as ours," Greek Culture Minister Michalis Liapis said on Wednesday.

"Hence their repatriation is of great importance to the Greek people."

Symbolic past of early Aegeans revealed at Dhaskalio Kavos site

Source: Times Online

Normand Hammond, Archaeology Correspondent

A rocky islet and a nearby hillside have yielded evidence of one of Greece’s oldest and most enigmatic ritual sites. Imported stones and fragmented marble statuettes show that Dhaskalio and Kavos were “a symbolic central place for the Early Bronze Age” in the Aegean, according to Professor Colin Renfrew.

Kavos is a stony, scrub-covered slope on the Cycladic island of Keros. Forty-five years ago Professor Renfrew, then a PhD student at Cambridge, found extensive looting there, with fragments of marble bowls and the famous Cycladic folded-arm figurines scattered across the surface.

The date of the Dhaskalio Kavos site, based on pottery fragments and since confirmed by radiocarbon, lies in the middle of the third millennium BC, probably around 2800-2300BC — roughly the same age as the Pyramids. Later developments in the Aegean, centred on Crete and the Greek mainland, include the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations represented by sites such as Knossos and perhaps reflected in the world of Homer’s Iliad.

Investigations by Professor Christos Doumas, of the Greek archaeological service, followed by a new project headed by Professor Renfrew and Dr Olga Philaniotou, have shown that the mainland site of Kavos was used for ritual deposition of hundreds of broken marble figurines, none complete and with hardly any joining fragments (The Times, August 21, 2006), as well as fragmentary marble bowls.

Although the island of Keros has long been noted for two complete marble figures in the National Museum in Athens, the raw materials for the marble artefacts at Kavos seem to have originated elsewhere in the Cyclades. The pottery includes fragments of vessels probably made on the islands of Syros and Amorgos, and some may have come from the Greek mainland, from the Argolid and Corinthia in the northeastern Peloponnese.

The artefacts were discovered in two “special deposits” about 150 metres apart on the hillside: the northern had been looted before 1963, but the southern remained undetected until the recent excavations. These were completed this summer. Although everything found in the two special deposits at Kavos was broken, and excavations show that breakages occurred elsewhere — so that what was brought in was already fragmentary — the “missing” pieces have not been encountered on sites elsewhere in the Cyclades.

The Kavos fragments “must have been deposited in the course of ceremonies which were clearly of pan-Cycladic significance. Dhaskalio Kavos can now be regarded as a symbolic central place, the first such regional centre to have been discovered from the Aegean Early Bronze Age,” Professor Renfrew reports. On the Dhaskalio islet, “it is striking that no marble figurines of the standard folded-arm form were found, despite their frequency in the special deposit.”

Buildings uncovered this summer were well constructed, using not local stone but schist and marble imported from the large island of Naxos. On Dhaskalio the remains of a structure about 16 metres (52 ft) long were found, which had been abandoned around 2000BC and which Professor Renfrew notes is “the largest building yet known from the Cycladic Early Bronze Age”. A hoard of three bronze or copper axes found within it has more than a kilogram of valuable metal, but a lack of clay sealings from merchandise suggest that it was not a trading centre.

Another summit building was small and circular, and contained almost 350 beach pebbles. “The context suggests ritual deposition, presumably in the context of religious observance,” said Professor Renfrew. “Clearly there were ritual practices special to the settlement on Dhaskalio.”

Το Μετρό βρίσκει αρχαία, αλλά τα αφήνουν άστεγα

Source: TA NEA

Κόντρα ανάμεσα στο υπουργείο Πολιτισμού και το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης έχει ξεσπάσει με αφορμή τους αρχαιολογικούς θησαυρούς που έρχονται στο φως. Κι αυτό διότι η μεν αρμόδια Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων μπορεί να έχει κλειδώσει σε θησαυροφυλάκιο τα χρυσά στεφάνια που βρέθηκαν στον σταθμό Σιντριβάνι, δεν διαθέτει χώρο φύλαξης όμως για τους τέσσερις ογκώδεις τάφους που θα αποσπαστούν ολόκληροι, αλλά ούτε και για τα χιλιάδες ευρήματα που ήρθαν στο φως μαζί με τους 1.414 ανεσκαμμένους μέχρι σήμερα τάφους λόγω έργων. Και το δε Μετρό δεν πληρώνει για να εξασφαλίσει τη φύλαξη των αρχαίων έως ότου ολοκληρωθούν τα έργα και οι αρχαιότητες τοποθετηθούν στους σταθμούς ως εκθέματα κατά το πρότυπο της Αθήνας.

Το κόστος για την ανακατασκευή κτιρίου για τη φύλαξη των αρχαιοτήτων στο Στρατόπεδο Κόδρα κρίθηκε υπερβολικό από το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης και αντιπροτείνει την τοποθέτηση λυόμενων σε οικόπεδο χαμηλού κόστους, 40 χλμ. έξω από την πόλη, απόσταση που δυσκολεύει τον έλεγχο των αποθηκών από την ΙΣΤ΄ Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων. Η κόντρα έχει οξυνθεί τόσο που η αρμόδια έφορος επεσήμανε ενώπιον του Κεντρικού Αρχαιολογικού Συμβουλίου πως δέχεται απειλές για μετάθεση (!) αν συνεχίσει να επιμένει.

Ωστόσο, ακόμη κι αν το Μετρό βρει λύση (όπως οφείλει), οι αρχαιότητες αυξάνονται και πληθύνονται, ενώ σύντομα θα αρχίσουν και οι ανασκαφές στο κέντρο της πόλης.

Το αντισεισμικό μυστικό του Παρθενώνα θα αναζητήσουν (και) Ιάπωνες ειδικοί

Source: in.gr

Μία ακόμα ομάδα επιστημόνων προτίθεται να αναζητήσει το μυστικό που θέλει τον Παρθενώνα να στέκει στο ύψος του, παρά τα πολλαπλά Ρίχτερ που τον ταρακουνούν εδώ και αιώνες.

Πρόκειται για ερευνητική ομάδα από το πανεπιστήμιο Μίε της Ιαπωνίας σε συνεργασία με το ΕΜΠ και το υπουργείο Πολιτισμού.

Όπως αναφέρεται στο σύνολο του Τύπου της Παρασκευής, επικεφαλής της ομάδας είναι ο Τοσικάζου Χαναζάτο, κορυφαίος εκπρόσωπος της ιαπωνικής σεισμολογικής σχολής.

Ο ίδιος έχει διάφορες σκέψεις στο μυαλό του: «Στο επίκεντρο των ερευνών μας βρίσκεται η εύκαμπτη δομή των κιόνων. Εδώ και πολλά χρόνια έχει διατυπωθεί η άποψη ότι οι κολόνες είναι το κλειδί της αντοχής του Παρθενώνα στις σεισμικές δονήσεις» είπε στην ιταλική Repubblica, για να συνεχίσει:

«Το καμάρι του Χρυσού Αιώνα του Περικλή είναι η τελευταία μας ελπίδα. Αν θέλουμε να νικήσουμε τον Εγκέλαδο, πρέπει να το κάνουμε με τη βοήθεια των αρχαίων Ελλήνων».

TROY WAS MUCH BIGGER THAN PREVIOUSLY BELIEVED

Source: ANSAmed

BERLIN, AUGUST 21 - Troy was much bigger than what was believed until now, Ernst Pernicka, professor of Archeometry at the University of Tuebingen and in charge of the excavations under way in Turkey, affirms. While the scholars believed for long time that the legendary city spans on a surface of at most 27 hectares, in fact Troy was located on a surface of 35 hectares, Pernicka told the German media. The continuation of a defensive trench from the Bronze Age was recently discovered by the archaeologists and it allowed evaluating unequivocally the real expansion of Troy.

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Phaistos Disc declared as fake by scholar

Source:Times Online

Dalya Alberge, Arts Correspondent

Some say that its 45 mysterious symbols are the words of a 4,000-year-old poem, or perhaps a sacred text. Others contest that they are a magical inscription, a piece of ancient music or the world's oldest example of punctuation.

But now an American scholar believes that the markings on the Phaistos Disc, one of archaeology's most famous unsolved mysteries, mean nothing at all — because the disc is a hoax.

Jerome Eisenberg, a specialist in faked ancient art, is claiming that the disc and its indecipherable text is not a relic dating from 1,700BC, but a forgery that has duped scholars since Luigi Pernier, an Italian archaeologist, “discovered” it in 1908 in the Minoan palace of Phaistos on Crete.

Pernier was desperate to impress his colleagues with a find of his own, according to Dr Eisenberg, and needed to unearth something that could outdo the discoveries made by Sir Arthur Evans, the renowned English archaeologist, and Federico Halbherr, a fellow Italian.

He believes that Pernier's solution was to create a “relic” with an untranslatable pictographic text. If it was a ruse, it worked. Evans was so excited that he published an analysis of Pernier's findings. For the past century innumerable attempts have been made to decipher the disc. Archaeologists have tried linking them to ancient civilisations, from Greek to Egyptian.

Dr Eisenberg, who has conducted appraisals for the US Treasury Department and the J. Paul Getty Museum, highlighted the forger's error in creating a terracotta “pancake” with a cleanly cut edge. Nor, he added, should it have been fired so perfectly. “Minoan clay tablets were not fired purposefully, only accidentally,” he said. “Pernier may not have realised this.”

Each side of the disc bears a bar composed of four or five dots which one scholar described as “the oldest example of the use of natural punctuation”.

Dr Eisenberg believes that it was added to lead scholars astray — “another oddity to puzzle them, and a common trick among forgers”. The Greek authorities have refused to give Dr Eisenberg permission to examine the disc outside its display case, arguing that it is too delicate to be moved.

His misgivings could be laid to rest by a thermoluminescence test — a standard scientific dating test — but the authorities had refused, he said. In Rome, this test cast doubt recently on the provenance of another iconic archeological object.

Experts are now contending that the Capitoline Wolf, the famous bronze sculpture of a she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, founders of the city of Rome, dates from the Middle Ages, and not Etruscan times, as long has been held.

The Capitoline Museum's website says that the statue, known as Lupa, or she-wolf, is from the 5th century BC and was donated to the museum in 1471 by Pope Sixtus IV.

However, in a front-page article this week in the Rome daily a Repubblica, Adriano La Regina, who for decades headed the national archaeological office for Rome, suggested that the museum was reluctant to release test results indicating that the bronze was medieval.

“The new information about the epoch of the Capitoline bronze has been held back for about a year now,” La Regina wrote. He added that the tests had produced a “very precise indication in the 13th century”.

The 30in (75cm) bronze is the centrepiece of a museum room named after it, and postcards and T-shirts with its image are popular Rome souvenirs.

Claudio Parisi Presicce, the museum's director, insisted that his institution was not trying to hide data that could subtract centuries from the she-wolf's antiquity, saying that the data “aren't definitive yet”.

Oldest wheat found in Çatalhöyük

Source: Today's Zaman

A series of DNA analyses conducted on ancient wheat samples have led scientists to conclude that the oldest known wheat was grown in Çatalhöyük, a Neolithic settlement in southern Anatolia.

Professor Mahinur Akkaya from the Middle East Technical University's (ODTÜ) department of chemistry says the world's oldest wheat found so far comes from Çatalhöyük, this according to a series of DNA analyses made on 8,500-year-old wheat samples. "Our discovery is of great importance as it gives us significant insight into the birth of the first civilization in Anatolia. With our analyses, we have shown that the oldest known wheat was grown in Çatalhöyük," she said in an interview with the Anatolia news agency.

Akkaya and a group of professors from her university worked on the analyses. "While analyzing several wheat samples, we learned that Professor Gordon Hillman, an honorary professor of archaeobotany at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, had the world's oldest known wheat samples. We contacted him and he gave us a few kernels to analyze in comparison," she said. The analyses showed these samples to be 8,500 years old.

Akkaya, stressing that utmost care was taken with these kernels, noted that they, as Turkish scientists, were happy to have undertaken such an important discovery about Anatolia. "A previous analysis carried out on 6,000-year-old wheat samples had shown that wheat was grown in southeastern Diyarbakır's Karacadağ area. Our discovery has gone beyond this finding," she remarked.

"Generally, Turkish scientists go abroad to conduct such research and analyses or send samples to other countries to have them analyzed. But we carried out the analyses ourselves at our university. We will soon publish our findings in an international scientific journal," she added.

DNA reveals sister power in Ancient Greece

Source: The University of Manchester

University of Manchester researchers have revealed how women, as well as men, held positions of power in ancient Greece by right of birth.

Women were thought to have had little power in ancient Greece, unless they married a powerful man and were able to influence him. But a team of researchers testing ancient DNA from a high status, male-dominated cemetery at Mycenae in Greece believe they have identified a brother and sister buried together in a richly endowed grave, suggesting that she had as much power as him.

The team, led by Professor Terry Brown and Ms Keri Brown at the Faculty of Life Sciences and Professor John Prag at the Manchester Museum, have been studying Grave Circle B at Mycenae for 10 years. Their paper Kinship between burials from Grave Circle B at Mycenae revealed by ancient DNA typing appears in the Journal of Archeological Science.

The Bronze Age citadel at Mycenae is one of the most evocative prehistoric sites in all of Europe. The legendary home of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, Mycenae held a natural attraction for early antiquarians in the years before its first systematic study by Heinrich Schliemann in the 1870s. Schliemann s famous telegram, sent during his excavation of Grave Circle A in 1876, stating that he had gazed upon the face of Agamemnon , turned out to be erroneous for the burials that he had uncovered predated the Trojan War by some four centuries, but his excavations were nonetheless significant as they established Mycenae as one of the richest and, by implication, most powerful of the Aegean states during the 17th to 12th centuries BC.

Grave Circle B spans c. 1675-1550 BC and predates A with possibly fifty years overlap. Within Grave Circle B there is a development from simple cist burials to larger, deeper and richer Shaft Graves with weapons, pottery and gold ornaments including a face-mask made of electrum (a naturally-occurring gold-silver amalgam). Generally they were less well endowed than the remarkable gold-laden burials in Circle A, but the richness of both Grave Circles leaves little doubt that their occupants were elite members of early Mycenaean society.

The team, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, wanted to ascertain the relationships within this elite group, in particular whether the individuals were members of a single family or small number of families who had established themselves as the ruling dynasty in early Mycenae.

John Prag and Richard Neave of the University of Manchester had previously applied modern techniques of facial reconstruction to the seven best preserved skulls. These faces are on display in the Making Faces gallery in the Manchester Museum, and visitors can see how the results suggest that these seven individuals fall into three groups, the heart-shaped faces (which includes the brother and sister), the long faces and one beaky face . Dr Abigail Bouwman in Professor Brown s group then tested mitochondrial DNA from the bones and was able to confirm the relationships.

Professor Brown recalled: We were surprised to discover what appears to be a sister buried beside her brother in the high status, male-dominated grave circle. The implication is that she was buried in Grave Circle B not because of a marital connection but because she held a position of authority by right of birth.

DNA analysis has therefore enabled us to glimpse the factors contributing to the organisation of the higher echelons of society at the beginning of the Mycenaean age.

Keri Brown added: Homer s stories are thought to be memories : tales of the Bronze Age retold some 400 years later, as the early archaeologists who went in search of the places he described found them, not just Mycenae rich in gold but also wall-girt of Tiryns and other sites.

We certainly haven t unearthed the real Electra and Orestes. They were the brother and sister who in the Greek epic tradition avenged their father Agamemnon s death at the hands of their mother Clytemnestra, but if they were real people then they lived centuries after our pair. We will never know who our lady was but it is tempting to think that she might have been a little like the Electra of legend, who seems to have been such a powerful woman that the later stories tell how she was forced to marry a peasant to dilute her influence.

Professor Brown said: On a purely scientific note, our results also show that while it is difficult apply this type of analysis to archaeological remains ancient DNA is generally poorly preserved and the problems caused by contamination with modern DNA are more acute ancient DNA can greatly advance understanding of kinship when used to test hypotheses constructed from other evidence.

It is fascinating work and we have learned a lot. In future we hope to do similar research at other sites in Greece if we can find any at which ancient DNA is preserved.

Harrison Ford Elected to AIA Board

Source: Archaeological Institute of America

"Indiana Jones" shows his commitment to real archaeology.

After years of being identified on screen as the legendary archaeologist "Indiana Jones," actor Harrison Ford has won election to the Board of Directors of the Archaeological Institute of America. With his Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull set to hit U.S. movie theaters on May 22, the film star commented on his real world dedication to archaeology, "Knowledge is power, and understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future."

The Archaeological Institute of America is North America's oldest and largest non-profit organization devoted to archaeology. With more nearly a quarter of a million members and subscribers and 105 local chapters, it promotes archaeological excavation, research, education, and preservation on a global basis. At the core of its mission is the belief that an understanding of the past enhances our shared sense of humanity and enriches our existence. As archaeological finds are a non-renewable resource, the AIA's work benefits not only the current generation, but also those yet to come in the future.

"Harrison Ford has played a significant role in stimulating the public's interest in archaeological exploration," said Brian Rose, President of the AIA. "We are all delighted that he has agreed to join the AIA's Governing Board."

In addition, the current May/June issue of ARCHAEOLOGY magazine, published by the AIA, features a cover story devoted to the mysteries surrounding the alleged crystal skull archaeological finds that inspired the new "Indiana Jones" film. For the complete article, go to www.archaeology.org.

Harrison Ford is already helping to raise public awareness of the AIA and its mission as the news of his election to the Board has spread. Many media outlets have covered the story.

Israel Museum puts Dead Sea scroll on rare display

Source: AP via Yahoo! News

By MATTI FRIEDMAN, Associated Press Writer Tue May 13, 7:57 PM ET

JERUSALEM - One of the most important Dead Sea scrolls is going on display in Jerusalem this week — more than four decades after it was last seen by the public. The 24-foot scroll with the text of the Bible's Book of Isaiah had been in a dark, temperature-controlled room at the Israel Museum since 1967. It went on display two years earlier, but curators replaced it with a facsimile after noticing new cracks in the calfskin parchment.

The museum decided to put the scroll back on show for three months as part of Israel's 60th anniversary celebrations.

The priceless manuscript, written by a Judean scribe around 120 B.C., was in a long glass case Tuesday, its neat rows of Hebrew letters distinct and legible. President Bush, visiting Israel this week for the anniversary celebration, will be one of the first to view it.

The Isaiah manuscript was the only complete biblical book discovered among the Dead Sea scrolls, one of the great archaeological finds of the 20th century. The ancient documents, which include fragments of the books of the Old Testament and treatises on communal living and apocalyptic war, have shed important light on Judaism and the origins of Christianity.

The Book of Isaiah is traditionally attributed to a prophet who lived in the 8th century B.C.

In the book, he calls for repentance, warns of impending doom, and — in one of the most famous passages ever written — offers an idyllic vision of the future: "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks. Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more."

Curator Adolfo Roitman called the Isaiah manuscript the "gem of the Dead Sea scrolls." It is "one of the most important treasures of the Jewish nation, if not the most important," he added.

A far smaller fragment of another Dead Sea scroll will be on display at the Jerusalem convention center where Bush will be speaking along with other dignitaries.

The segment, also rarely shown, contains the text of Psalm 133, which reads: "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity."

Divers Find Ancient Bust of Caesar

Source: AP via AOL News

PARIS (May 13) - Divers trained in archaeology discovered a marble bust of an aging Caesar in the Rhone River that France's Culture Ministry said Tuesday could be the oldest known.

The life-size bust showing the Roman ruler with wrinkles and hollows in his face is tentatively dated to 46 B.C. Divers uncovered the Caesar bust and a collection of other finds in the Rhone near the town of Arles -- founded by Caesar.

Among other items in the treasure trove of ancient objects is a 5.9-foot marble statue of Neptune, dated to the first decade of the third century after Christ.

Two smaller statues, both in bronze and measuring 27.5 inches each also were found, one of them, a satyr with his hands tied behind his back, "doubtless" originated in Hellenic Greece, the ministry said.

"Some (of the discoveries) are unique in Europe," Culture Minister Christine Albanel said. "The bust of Caesar is in a class by itself.

"This marble bust of the founder of the Roman city of Arles constitutes the most ancient representation known today of Caesar," the ministry statement said, adding that it "undoubtedly" dates to the creation of Arles in 46 B.C.

Among other things, researchers are trying to uncover "in what context these statues were thrown into the river," said Michel L'Hour, who heads the Department of Subaquatic Archaeological Research, whose divers made the discovery between September and October 2007.

The site "has barely been skimmed," L'Hour told The Associated Press, adding that a new search operation will begin this summer.

He said the Arles region, in the Provence region of southern France, with its Roman beginnings, and the Rhone are "propitious" for discoveries.

Albanel called the find "exceptional" and said that the Caesar bust is "the oldest representation known today" of the emperor.

AGON- International Meeting of Archaeological Film of the Mediterranean Area

AGON
7th International Meeting of Archaeological Film of the Mediterranean Area

Athens, 6-11 May 2008
APOLLON Cinemax Class

AGON, the International Meeting of Archaeological Film of the Mediterranean area, is being held every two years and it is organised by the non-profit association AGON, in collaboration with the Greek magazine Archaeology and Arts. During the festival, archaeological, ethnological and folkloric films are screened, films which reveal and record a lost world, mainly from the Mediterranean area. The viewers will have the chance to ascertain that today’s archaeology all over the world, is not just holding on the past, but it is tracing through time, the essential sparks of knowledge.

During these last 12 years, AGON has developed in an institution with national and international recognition. In a time when Europe is full of archaeological film festivals (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland…), AGON is the only archaeological film festival in Greece, the country which is globally linked with the concept of Archaeology.

AGON, once more held in APOLLON cinema, where it all first started back in May 1996, is inviting you to an exciting journey of knowledge through 31 hours of film projection…

More cool excavation websites

Excavations at Lefkandi

The Kalaureia Research Program

The Priniatikos Pyrgos Project